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فاصله روانی
psychic distance - feeling of uncertainty about foreign markets, and of the perceived diffi- culty of finding information about them
;Psychological distance has been developed as another name for psychic distance as it is now viewed.
Psychic distance was defined as the difference in perceptions between buyer and seller regarding either needs or offers (Hallen and Wiedersheim-Paul, 1984), and is strongly influenced by culture.
Psychic distance is measured at the individual level by assessing the individual's perceptions of differences, whereas cultural distance deals with measures at the societal or country level.
In the late 1980s Kogut and Singh (1988) devised a formula to measure psychic distance between the United States and various countries based on Hofstede's (2001) cultural dimen- sions of power distance, individualism/ collectivism, masculinity/femininity, and uncertainty avoidance.
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